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To critically test the model and obtain the parameters governing the rates of transition under stress, distributions of rupture tension were computed and matched to the measured histograms through solution of the kinetic master (Markov) equations for defect formation and annihilation or evolution to an unstable hole under a ramp of tension. Under slow loading, membrane edge energy and the frequency scale for thermal fluctuations in hole size are the principal factors that govern the level of tension at failure. This regime is predicted by the classical cavitation theory for opening an unstable hole in a two-dimensional film within the lifetime of the defect state. But at slow loading rates, each spectrum crosses over to a shallow-curved regime where rupture tension changes weakly with rate. The slope and projected intercept of this regime are set by defect size and frequency of spontaneous formation, respectively. At fast loading rates, a steep linear regime appears in each spectrum which implies that membrane failure starts with nucleation of a rare precursor defect. Using tests on five types of giant phosphatidylcholine lipid vesicles over loading rates( tension/ time) from 0.01–100 mN/m/s, we show that the kinetic process of membrane breakage can be modeled by a causal sequence of two thermally-activated transitions. When plotted as a function of log( tension loading rate), the locations of distribution peaks define a dynamic tension spectrum with distinct regimes that reflect passage of prominent energy barriers along the kinetic pathway. Rupturing fluid membrane vesicles with a steady ramp of micropipette suction produces a distribution of breakage tensions governed by the kinetic process of membrane failure.

Dynamic tension pdf